Table 1 Selected characteristics of participants according to age at enrollment.

From: Associations of cardiovascular biomarkers and plasma albumin with exceptional survival to the highest ages

Characteristics

Very old

Centenarians

Semi-supercentenarians

Supercentenarians

P for trend

N

(85–99 years)

N

(100–104 years)

N

(105–109 years)

N

(110 + years)

Female, no. (%)

531

298 (56.1%)

288

225 (78.1%)

572

502 (87.8%)

36

34 (94.4%)

<0.001

Current smoker, no. (%)

511

36 (7.1%)

282

3 (1.1%)

564

7 (1.2%)

35

1 (2.9%)

<0.001

High education, no. (%)

513

193 (37.6%)

275

61 (22.2%)

540

63 (11.7%)

34

3 (8.8%)

<0.001

Body mass index, kg/m2

528

21.5 ± 3.2

187

19.5 ± 3.2

353

19.4 ± 3.3

21

18.4 ± 2.9

<0.001

Medical history

 CHD, no. (%)

531

53 (10.0%)

283

41 (14.5%)

566

78 (13.8%)

36

3 (8.3%)

0.124

 Stroke, no. (%)

531

92 (17.3%)

283

46 (16.3%)

566

123 (21.7%)

36

2 (5.6%)

0.268

 Hypertension, no. (%)

531

334 (62.9%)

287

110 (38.3%)

568

254 (44.7%)

36

14 (38.9%)

<0.001

 Hyperlipidemia, no. (%)

530

251 (47.4%)

288

40 (13.9%)

572

83 (14.5%)

36

8 (22.2%)

<0.001

 Diabetes mellitus, no. (%)

531

99 (18.6%)

288

21 (7.3%)

572

32 (5.6%)

36

2 (5.6%)

<0.001

 CKD (stage 3b-5), no. (%)

530

77 (14.5%)

288

101 (35.1%)

572

214 (37.4%)

36

11 (30.6%)

<0.001

Medication

 Nitrate, no. (%)

527

53 (10.1%)

279

39 (14.0%)

561

79 (14.1%)

32

3 (9.4%)

0.084

 Oral anticoagulant, no. (%)

527

20 (3.8%)

279

1 (0.4%)

561

6 (1.1%)

32

0 (0.0%)

<0.001

 Antiarrhythmics, no. (%)

527

21 (4.0%)

279

3 (1.1%)

561

9 (1.6%)

32

0 (0.0%)

0.007

 Digoxin, no. (%)

527

16 (3.0%)

279

11 (3.9%)

561

32 (5.7%)

32

1 (3.1%)

0.050

 Diuretics, no. (%)

527

61 (11.6%)

279

62 (22.2%)

561

166 (29.6%)

32

9 (28.1%)

<0.001

 CCB, no. (%)

527

213 (40.4%)

279

47 (16.9%)

561

101 (18.0%)

32

3 (9.4%)

<0.001

 ACEI or ARB, no. (%)

527

157 (29.8%)

279

26 (9.3%)

561

70 (12.5%)

32

6 (18.8%)

<0.001

 Statin, no. (%)

527

81 (15.4%)

279

5 (1.8%)

561

10 (1.8%)

32

1 (3.1%)

<0.001

Electrocardiogram

 Normal, no. (%)

521

151 (29.0%)

193

41 (21.2%)

453

57 (12.6%)

29

4 (13.8%)

<0.001

 OMI, no. (%)

521

21 (4.0%)

193

8 (4.2%)

453

52 (11.5%)

29

4 (13.8%)

<0.001

 Pacemaker, no. (%)

521

6 (1.2%)

193

3 (1.6%)

453

5 (1.1%)

29

2 (6.9%)

0.409

 Atrial fibrillation, no. (%)

521

23 (4.4%)

193

13 (6.7%)

453

29 (6.4%)

29

1 (3.5%)

0.257

 LVH, no. (%)

521

90 (17.3%)

193

21 (10.9%)

453

56 (12.4%)

29

1 (3.5%)

0.008

 AAB, no. (%)

521

0 (0.0%)

193

2 (1.0%)

453

5 (1.1%)

29

0 (0.0%)

0.045

Cardioprotective factors

 NT-proBNP, pg/mL (IQR)

475

195 (115–392)

199

687 (376–1360)

385

960 (465–1900)

21

1530 (587–2540)

<0.001

 EPO, mIU/mL (IQR)

415

10.3 (7.8–14.2)

199

10.4 (7.6–14.4)

385

11.3 (8.2–16.3)

21

12.2 (8.4–15.2)

0.031

 SOD3 R213G genotype (rs1799895)

  Non-carrier, no. (%)

530

475 (89.6%)

288

265 (92.0%)

565

518 (91.7%)

35

33 (94.3%)

0.661b

  Heterozygotes, no. (%)

530

51 (9.6%)

288

20 (6.9%)

565

45 (8.0%)

35

2 (5.7%)

 

  Homozygotes, no. (%)

530

4 (0.8%)

288

3 (1.0%)

565

2 (0.4%)

35

0 (0.0%)

 

 EC-SOD a, ng/mL (IQR)

448

106 (88–127)

222

137 (113–169)

324

146 (121–180)

20

168 (124–203)

<0.001

 ADPN, ng/mL (IQR)

529

12.0 (7.3–19.2)

271

16.9 (12.5–23.2)

537

18.5 (13.3–25.0)

34

20.2 (16.4–23.9)

<0.001

Inflammatory mediators

 Interleukin-6, pg/mL (IQR)

529

1.7 (1.3–2.5)

272

2.9 (2.3–4.3)

545

3.4 (2.3–5.4)

34

4.9 (3.0–7.3)

<0.001

 TNF-alpha, pg/mL (IQR)

529

2.2 (1.9–2.8)

272

3.4 (2.7–4.2)

536

4.2 (3.0–5.6)

32

3.9 (2.5–4.9)

<0.001

 Angptl2, ng/mL (IQR)

529

4.1 (3.2–5.3)

252

3.9 (3.2–5.0)

409

4.2 (3.4–5.1)

25

4.1 (3.5–5.1)

0.461

Organ reserve

 Cystatin C, mg/dL

524

1.26 ± 0.51

265

1.63 ± 0.52

522

1.80 ± 0.54

31

1.84 ± 0.60

<0.001

 Cholinesterase, IU/L

531

277 ± 68

287

214 ± 56

569

196 ± 58

36

177 ± 42

<0.001

Traditional risk factors (continuous variables)

 HDL-C, mg/dL

530

58.8 ± 14.7

288

52.5 ± 13.3

572

45.8 ± 11.9

36

45.9 ± 11.8

<0.001

 LDL-C, mg/dL

525

117.7 ± 26.9

288

99.8 ± 28.2

572

102.0 ± 28.1

36

96.2 ± 29.3

<0.001

 Creatinine, mg/dL

530

0.84 ± 0.51

288

0.90 ± 0.45

572

0.87 ± 0.43

36

0.82 ± 0.34

0.684

 CRP, mg/dL (IQR)

531

0.09 (0.04–0.19)

287

0.16 (0.05–0.46)

572

0.25 (0.09–0.66)

36

0.34 (0.13–0.88)

<0.001

 Albumin, g/dL

531

4.1 ± 0.3

287

3.6 ± 0.4

572

3.4 ± 0.4

36

3.2 ± 0.4

<0.001

  1. Plus-minus values are means ± SD. Trends in each characteristic of participants across four age groups were analyzed using the trend test for continuous variables, and the Cochran-Armitage test for trend for categorical variables.
  2. IQR interquartile range, CHD coronary heart disease, CKD chronic kidney disease, CCB calcium-channel blocker, ACEI angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker, OMI old myocardial infarction, LVH left ventricular hypertrophy, AAB advanced atrioventricular block, NT-proBNP N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, EPO erythropoietin, EC-SOD extracellular superoxide dismutase, ADPN adiponectin, TNF-alpha tumor necrosis factor-alpha, Angptl2 angiopoietin-like protein 2, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, CRP C-reactive protein.
  3. aOnly individuals with RR genotype in SOD3 (rs1799895) were included in analysis.
  4. bP value for Pearson’s Chi-squared test.
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