Fig. 4: OER kinetics at different pH and ionic diffusion characteristics.

a LSV curves for the PBSCF thin films measured in O2-saturated KOH with pH = 12.5 to 14. b OER current at 1.65 V versus RHE plotted in log scale as a function of pH for the (100), (110), and (111) thin films. c Chronoamperograms of the (100), (110) and (111) thin films at a constant bias of 100 mV and 50 mV vs. Hg/HgO. d Measured current I as a function of t−1/2. e Energy profiles for proton diffusion in bulk PBSCF with different crystallographic directions. f Geometrical illustrations of oxygen and proton bulk diffusion in PBSCF along (100). g Comparison of the OER activity, pH dependence, ionic diffusivity, and migration barriers Em of protons of (100), (110), and (111).