Fig. 1: The life cycle of P. yezoensis showing the alternation of heteromorphic generations inhabiting distinctive niches.

Ploidy was added as “1N” and “2N” in the upper left corner of each subgraph. a Gametophyte thalli adhered to rocks are exposed to air during low tide. b Carpospores and sperms form in mature thalli; c released zygotospores, showing one with a germ tube. d Purple patches on oyster shell are boring sporophyte conchocelis. e Swelling filamentous conchocelis that are going to produce conchosporangia. f Released conchospores. g Thallus seedling with a holdfast formed at the base. hP. yezoensis nets in mariculture farms. Scale bars in b, c, and e–g 50 μm. Asexual reproduction is not shown here. Microscope observation in b, c and e, g were repeated independently on multiple Pyropia samples (n > 10) showing similar morphology.