Fig. 2: Exposure risk across study groups.

Standardized residuals showing deviation from the expected frequencies for exposure risk variables (contact with persons with a respiratory infection, presence at workplace outside home, travel to risk areas) of IMID patient groups and control groups. A Pearson residual quantifies the individual contribution of each cell in a contingency table to the chi-squared statistic of the table and is calculated by subtracting the expected count in a cell from the observed count and dividing the result by the standard error. A Pearson residual is 0 when the observed cell frequency is equal to the expected and deviates from 0 accordingly as the observed cell frequency is greater or less than the expected count.