Fig. 1: Inflammatory activation results in the remodeling of fatty acid metabolism.

a TG biosynthesic pathway and expression of pathway genes, as measured using RNAseq, in resting (M0) and inflammatory macrophages (stimulated with IFNγ + LPS for 18 h) (n = 3 biologically independent samples). b Time-dependent accumulation of total TG, and c different TG species, in macrophages after IFNγ + LPS stimulation (n = 4 biologically independent samples). d Bodipy 493/503 staining in resting (M0) macrophages and macrophages stimulated with IFNγ + LPS, for 18 h, visualized by confocal microscopy and measured by flow cytometry (MFI, median fluorescence intensity). Scale bars represent 10 μm (n = 3 biologically independent samples). e Fatty acids (FA), and diacylglycerols (DG) (n = 4 biologically independent samples), f carnitine and C16 acylcarnitine (M0 n = 4; γ + LPS n = 10 biologically independent samples), and g total fraction contribution (FC) of palmitate carbons into C16 acylcarnitine and citrate. Resting (M0) macrophages and macrophages stimulated with IFNγ + LPS were cultured in the presence of 100 μM of ¹³C-palmitate for 18 h (n = 3 biologically independent samples). h Inflammatory macrophages convert FA to TG, which are stored in LDs (blue arrow), or to acylcarnitines through Cpt1a in the outer mitochondrial membrane (gray arrow). This manuscript is focusing on the significance of TGs for inflammatory macrophage activation. Data are represented as mean values ± s.e.m. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s multiple comparison test (c); Unpaired two-tailed Student’s t test (d–g). (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001). a representative of one experiment, b–f representative of two experiments and g representative of tree experiments. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.