Fig. 2: Activity results for PPE hydrogenation over the NAC catalysts at 230 °C.

a Reaction network. b Yields of products (except phenol). The PPE conversions and yields for 1-phenylethanol (purple), ethylbenzene (yellow), styrene (orange), and PEB (blue) are shown in Supplementary Table 5. Reaction conditions: 14-mmol L−1 PPE in 2-PrOH (1.50 mL), NAC catalyst (5.0 mg), 20-bar H2, 8 h. The error bars are standard deviation (s.d.) of repeated tests. c Measurement of rate orders for the NAC-800 catalyst (black), PPE (blue), and H2 (red). d Plots of initial rates of PPE conversion against the absolute amount of graphitic N in NAC catalysts. The error bars of absolute content of graphitic N were estimated and given in Supplementary Table 3 and the s.d. of the initial rates are ~3% of the mean values, obtained after repeated runs.