Fig. 5: Changes in the lick rate correlate with changes in the MLI activity during the reinforcement period.

a–g are examples of lick traces (a), lick frequency (b), lick ranksum p value (c) and ΔF/F and lick traces (d–g) for one session (one mouse). a Examples of per trial lick traces when the mouse was learning to discriminate the odorants when the animal was proficient (≥80% correct, orange traces: S+ trials, light blue traces: S− trials). b Average lick frequency for S+ (orange) and S− (light blue) trials shown in (a). c p value for a ranksum test estimating the difference in licks between the S+ and S− odorants for the example in (a). d–g Single trial examples of average ΔF/F (±95% CI, shade, n = 105 ROIs, upper panels) and the corresponding lick frequency and lick traces (lower panels). h Relationship between the per trial average ΔF/F and the lick frequency shown per time point for all trials in a go–no go session (one session, one mouse). Time points are segregated within the last second before odorant addition (Pre-odorant), during the last second of odorant addition (Odorant) and during the 1.5 s after reward (Reinforcement). Correlation coefficients and p values for these time periods are: Pre-odorant: 0.058, p < 0.05. Odorant: 0.19, p < 0.001. Reinforcement: 0.73, p < 0.001. *p < pFDR  = 0.05, n = 6 sessions, 5 mice. i Relationship between the derivative of average ΔF/F and the derivative of lick frequency shown per time point for all trials in a go–no go session (one session, one mouse). Time points are segregated within the last second before odorant addition (Pre-odorant), during the last second of odorant addition (Odorant) and during 1.5 s after reward (Reinforcement). Correlation coefficients and p values for these time periods are: Pre-odorant: −0.076, p < 0.01. Odorant: −0.045, p > 0.05. Reinforcement: 0.28, p < 0.001. *p < pFDR = 0.016, n = 6 sessions, 5 mice. j Correlation coefficients for the relationship between the average ΔF/F and lick frequency for six sessions (five mice). The correlation coefficient is significantly different between reinforcement and odorant (*two-sided t test p < pFDR = 0.05, n = 6 sessions, 5 mice). k Correlation coefficients for the relationship between the derivative of average ΔF/F and the derivative of lick frequency for six sessions (five mice). The correlation coefficient is significantly different between reinforcement and odorant (*two-sided t test p < pFDR = 0.016, n = 6 sessions, 5 mice). In b, c, d–g the vertical black lines are odorant onset and removal and the vertical red lines bound the reinforcement period. All data shown in this figure are for proficient mice (percent correct ≥ 80%). Error bars are 95% CIs.