Fig. 5: Printing of electrically conducting materials for large-area fabrication and flexible electronics applications.

Room-temperature printing of (a) silver ink (4% (v/v)) conductive line (scale bar: 200 µm) and the corresponding scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image (scale bar: 100 nm). b PEDOT:PSS-printed line (scale bar: 200 µm) and the corresponding SEM image showing the connectivity (scale bar: 20 µm). c IV characteristics of both silver and PEDOT:PSS-conducting lines. d (1) Silver ink and PEDOT:PSS were further used to form a junction to show the capability of the technique for electronic applications. (2) Optical microscopic and the SEM image showing the junction (scale bar: 250 µm). (3) In addition, IV characteristic was performed for the junction to check the connectivity. Further, as a demonstration (e) two silver-conducting lines are connected using drop- impact printing technique, and the voltage is applied at both ends to show the glowing LED. f Large-area droplet patterning (scale bar: 1 mm), g flexible printing, and h 3D pillars printed using sieves with different pore openings have been shown to demonstrate the wide applicability of this technique (scale bar: 100 µm).