Fig. 1: Single particle chiroptical spectroscopy versus ensemble spectroscopy.
From: Chiroptical spectroscopy of a freely diffusing single nanoparticle
a A time-series experiment acquires snapshots of the circular differential scattering intensity (CDSI) at arbitrary instants of time at which the particle has a fixed orientation in space and which yields the time-averaged 〈CDSI〉t. b An ensemble-average 〈CDSI〉N originates from N individual particles, which are isotropically oriented in solution. c Schematic of the setup, which utilizes a dark-field condenser for directing the incident light onto the sample and a microscope objective to collect the light scattered off the particle. The objective is followed by polarization optics, consisting of two quarter-waveplates (QWP) and a Wollaston prism (WP) to simultaneously acquire spectra of scattered left- and right-circularly polarized light (LCP and RCP) on a single detector array.
