Fig. 2: Changes in planetary pressures resulting from a one percentage point increase in the carbon tax.

This figure is a modification of the original planetary boundary figure from refs. ^1,3. The colors indicate the current state for each boundary: green, yellow, and red correspond to safe, increasing risk and high risk, respectively. We have added arrows illustrating the effects on each individual ESP, from increasing the carbon tax rate by one percentage point in our integrated model of the global economy and the ESPs. The direction of the arrows indicate increasing or decreasing pressure, while the width of the arrows are indicative of the magnitude of change. For chemical pollution and stratospheric ozone depletion, we only derived the qualitative direction of change. Further details are given in Supplementary Table 2.