Fig. 3: Change in planetary pressures resulting from a one percentage point increase in the tax on carbon and a one percentage point reduction of biofuel subsidies.

This figure is a modification of the original planetary boundary figure from refs. ^1,3. The colors indicate the current state for each boundary: green, yellow, and red correspond to safe, increasing risk and high risk, respectively. We have added arrows illustrating the effects on each individual ESP, from increasing the tax rate on carbon by one percentage point and reducing biofuel subsidies by one percentage point in our integrated model of the global economy and the ESPs. Interpretation is otherwise the same as in Fig. 2. Further details are given in Supplementary Table 3.