Fig. 3: Average within-trial correlation between predicted and observed yield.

Results were obtained with a ‘leave-trial-out’ cross-validation. Letters indicate differences at the 0.01 significance level. TL: year-location + cultivar ID (baseline model), GW incorporates the main effects of SNPs and of EC. GW-G×W adds to GW interactions between SNPs and EC. TGW includes year-location, SNP, and EC effects. TGW-G×W expands TGW by adding SNP-EC interactions.