Table 4 Hyperparameter need to be optimized in model training.

From: Lymph node metastasis prediction of papillary thyroid carcinoma based on transfer learning radiomics

Index

Hyperparameter

Option

1

Neurons for top layers

128, 256, 512, 1024

2

Number of top layers

range from 2 to 8

3

Neurons for the layer before the output

32, 64

4

Dropout rate

range from 0 to 0.5

5

Batch size

8, 16, 32

6

Epochs

50, 100, 150

7

Activation function in top layers

softplus, relu, tanh, sigmoid, linear, elu, softmax

8

Activation function for the output layer

sigmoid, softmax

9

Kernel initializer

uniform, normal

10

Optimizer

“SGD,” “RMSprop,” “Adadelta,” “Adam,” “Adamax,” “Nadam”