Fig. 2: SD or REMD prevents MD-induced neuronal activity reduction.

a Schematic of experimental design. After the first 4-h MD, mice were subjected to an additional 4-h MD and were either allowed to sleep or subjected to sleep/REM sleep deprivation. Two-photon Ca²⁺ imaging was performed to assess the effect of sleep/REM sleep on somatic activity of layer 5 pyramidal neurons in V1. b Somatic Ca²⁺ activity of layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the V1 contralateral to the deprived eye before (left) and after (right) 4-h sleep. ΔF/F₀ was summed to measure somatic Ca²⁺ activity over 1 min. Scale bar: 5 μm. 3 traces: somatic Ca²⁺ activities of cells on the top. Ca²⁺ fluorescence traces over 60 s are shown. c The integrated somatic Ca²⁺ activity during 60-s visual stimulation was significantly decreased after MD with 4-h undisturbed sleep (n = 250 cells from 4 mice, P = 0.0002, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, two-sided). d Somatic Ca²⁺ activity of layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the V1 contralateral to the deprived eye before (left) and after (right) 4-h SD. e 4-h SD significantly prevented the reduction of neuronal activity (n = 194 cells from 4 mice, P = 0.7079, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, two-sided). f Somatic activity of layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the V1 contralateral to the deprived eye before (left) and after (right) 4-h REMD. g REMD for 4 h significantly prevented the reduction of neuronal activity (n = 294 cells from 3 mice, P = 0.0781, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, two-sided). ***P < 0.001. Data are presented as mean ± s.e.m. Source data for (c), (e), and (g) are provided as a Source Data file.