Fig. 1: Kinship relationships among accessions.

a All kinship relationships with kinship coefficients greater than 0.45. Of 1143 accessions, 992 formed 50 multiple-member clusters and 7376 relationships. The remaining 151 accessions did not have any relationship above the cut-off value and thus are not shown. The largest cluster contains 772 accessions and several subclusters. b Minghui63 and 113 related accessions with kinship coefficients greater than 0.45. In both a and b: circle sizes represent the degree of relationship, i.e., the number of lines connected to each circle; line widths are based on the coefficients between two accessions; circles are in red for conventional rice (CR), yellow for 2-line restorers (2R), green for 2-line photoperiod genic and thermosensitive male sterile (GMS) lines, blue for 3-line cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines, brown for 3-line restorers (3R), purple for 3-line maintainers (3M), and black for germplasm rice (GR). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.