Table 1 Baseline characteristics of individuals by cohort.

From: Machine learning based early warning system enables accurate mortality risk prediction for COVID-19

 

SFT cohort

SFV cohort

OV cohort

CHWH cohort

Characteristics

(n = 621)

(n = 622)

(n = 801)

(n = 116)

Age

62 (51–71)

63 (51–70)

63 (50–70)

62.5 (55–72)

Sex

  Female

306 (49.3%)

311 (50.0%)

427 (53.3%)

53 (45.7%)

  Male

315 (50.7%)

311 (50.0%)

374 (46.7%)

63 (54.3%)

 Comorbidity number

1 (0–2)

1 (0–2)

1 (0–2)

2 (1–3)

Comorbidity

  Hypertension

245 (39.5%)

244 (39.2%)

321 (40.3%)

43 (37.1%)

  Diabetes

110 (17.7%)

110 (17.7%)

121 (15.2%)

16 (13.8%)

  CHD

72 (11.6%)

59 (9.5%)

68 (8.5%)

16 (13.8%)

  CLD

26 (4.2%)

19 (3.1%)

33 (4.1%)

7 (6.0%)

  Tumor

22 (3.5%)

21 (3.4%)

20 (2.5%)

51 (44.0%)

  HBV

16 (2.6%)

13 (2.1%)

24 (3.0%)

1 (1.0%)

  CKD

13 (2.1%)

8 (1.3%)

11 (1.4%)

1 (0.9%)

  COPD

4 (0.6%)

7 (1.1%)

7 (0.9%)

1 (0.9%)

  Fever

533 (86.0%)

527 (84.9%)

584 (73.0%)

71 (61.2%)

  Temp (max) ≥ 39 °C

169 (27.4%)

194 (31.5%)

158 (19.8%)

16 (14.2%)

  Cough

450 (72.6%)

436 (70.2%)

601 (75.1%)

63 (54.3%)

  Dyspnea

313 (50.5%)

283 (45.6%)

274 (34.2%)

37 (31.9%)

  Sputum

233 (37.6%)

228 (36.7%)

344 (43.0%)

32 (27.6%)

  Fatigue

253 (40.8%)

233 (37.5%)

250 (31.2%)

43 (37.1%)

  Diarrhea

186 (30.0%)

167 (26.9%)

135 (16.9%)

9 (7.8%)

  Myalgia

133 (21.5%)

144 (23.2%)

129 (16.1%)

20 (17.2%)

  Vomiting

30 (4.8%)

31 (5.0%)

32 (4.0%)

3 (2.6%)

  Conscious at admission

595 (95.8%)

600 (96.5%)

786 (98.1%)

79 (68.1%)

  Respiratory rate, per min

20 (20–22)

21 (20–24)

21 (20–24)

21 (20–24)

  MAP, mmHg

96.7 (88.7–104.7)

97.2 (89.7–105.6)

96.3 (87.7–106.7)

93.3 (86.9–101.5)

  SpO2, %

95 (91–97)

95 (91–97)

96 (94–97)

95.5 (93–97.3)

Vital status

  Death

86 (13.8%)

89 (14.3%)

60 (7.5%)

19 (16.4%)

  Discharge

535 (86.2%)

533 (85.7%)

741 (92.5%)

97 (83.6%)

  Follow-up, days

23 (15–30)

21 (15–29)

19 (14–26)

17 (12–24)

  1. Continuous variables are presented as median (interquartile ranges [IQR]), while categorical variables as counts and percentages (%).
  2. SFT cohort training cohort of Sino-French New City Campus of Tongji Hospital, SFV cohort internal validation cohort of Sino-French New City Campus of Tongji Hospital, OV cohort external validation cohort of Optical Valley Campus of Tongji Hospital, CHWH cohort external validation cohort of The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Follow-up time from admission to death or discharge, CHD coronary heart disease, CLD chronic liver disease, HBV hepatitis B virus, CKD chronic kidney disease, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, MAP mean arterial pressure.