Fig. 3: The biosynthesis pathways of two kinds of flavonoids, anthocyanin and flavonol.
From: Chromosome-level genome assembly of a parent species of widely cultivated azaleas
Genes identified in tandem clusters are displayed as blue while proximal cluster genes are displayed as brown. We divided the flavonoid enzymes encoding genes into two groups designated as ‘early’ and ‘late’, respectively70. The ‘early’ biosynthesis genes (EBGs) encode enzymes functioning more upstream towards the entrance into the pathway, whereas the ‘late’ biosynthesis genes (LBGs) exhibit highly distinct expression patterns. PAL phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.24), C4H: cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.14.91), 4CL 4-coumarate CoA ligase 4 (EC 6.2.1.12), CHS chalcone synthase (EC 2.3.1.74), CHI chalcone isomerase (EC 5.5.1.6), F3H flavanone 3-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.11.9), F3′H flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.13.21), F3′5′H flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.13.88), DFR dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (EC 1.1.1.219), ANS anthocyanidin synthase (EC 1.14.11.19), F3oGT flavonol-3-O-glucosyl transferase (EC 2.4.1.115), AT acyltransferase, GT glucosyltransferase, FLS flavonol synthase (EC 1.14.11.23). Gene expression profile (in normalized TPMs) in different time points of flowering (here T1-T5, from left to right in each heatmap panel) are presented in the heatmap alongside the gene names. The bar represents the expression level of each gene (z-score). Low to high expression is indicated by a change in color from blue to red.
