Fig. 6: Catalytic effects of CoSA-HC particles for Li–Se batteries.

a The first cycle charge profiles at 0.1 C and b discharge-charge profile at 0.1 C of Se@CoSA-HC, Se@HC and Se@CoNP-HC. c Energy profiles for the reduction of lithium polyselenides on NC and Co–NC supports (insets: the optimized adsorption conformations of intermediate species on NC and Co–NC substrate). Energy profiles of the transformation of Li2Se clusters on NC (d) and Co–NC (e). (The insets are: the initial, transition, and final structures, respectively.) The brown, pink, green, blue, and cyan balls represent C, Se, Li, N and Co atoms, respectively.