Fig. 2: The autumn temperature trends and the relationship between different data.

a The air temperature trends in autumn at 474 meteorological stations (each dot represents a meteorological station) in central Eurasia (CEU) from 2004–2018. Blue dots represent cooling, and pink dots represent warming. Black dots represent significance at the P < 0.05 level. b Comparison of average station temperature time series with land surface temperature (LST) and ERA5-Land air temperature. c Correlation between autumn air temperatures at 474 stations and their corresponding MODIS LST. d Correlation between autumn air temperatures at 474 stations and their corresponding ERA5-Land air temperatures. The counts of colours represent the number of samples in the same location.