Fig. 3: Device configuration and performance of optimized monolithic all-perovskite tandem solar cells.

a Device structure. b Corresponding cross-sectional SEM image of the tandem device. Scale bar is 2 μm. c Stabilized J–V curves of the best-performing tandem cell and the corresponding 1.73 eV and 1.23 eV single-junction PSCs prepared in the same batch (measured with 6.76 mm2 aperture area). d Reverse, forward, and stabilized J–V scans. e PCE and Voc tracking of the best-performing tandem solar cell. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.