Fig. 2: Deformation and seismicity at Kīlauea’s summit, 1980–2020.
From: The cascading origin of the 2018 Kīlauea eruption and implications for future forecasting
a Summit deformation (UWT radial ground tilt and and UWEV northward GPS displacement) showing deflation of the summit reservoir following the onset of the Puʻu ʻŌʻō eruption, interrupted by several years of inflation due to a surge in magma supply from the mantle. From 2010 to early 2018, the summit experienced sustained inflation, terminated by the 2018 lower East Rift Zone (LERZ) eruption. b Located deep crustal earthquakes (magnitude 1.7 and greater) beneath the summit (5–15 km depth), showing lower crustal swarms in the 1980s and 1990s that were not associated with changes in eruptive activity.
