Fig. 3: Long-term changes on Kīlauea, 2009–2018.
From: The cascading origin of the 2018 Kīlauea eruption and implications for future forecasting
a Elevation of the lava lakes at the summit and Puʻu ʻŌʻō, as well as the elevation of the vents at or near Puʻu ʻŌʻō. “E” notes times of eruptive vents forming on the East Rift Zone (ERZ) (at or near Puʻu ʻŌʻō), and “I” notes the time of intrusions at the summit—most eruptions and intrusions were preceded by rapid summit inflation and lava lake rise and an increase in shallow summit and upper ERZ earthquakes. The Kamoamoa eruption is noted specifically due to the broadly similar precursors it shared with the 2018 eruption. b Northward displacement of summit GPS station UWEV, and line-length change between Puʻu ʻŌʻō stations PUOC and JCUZ, showing a long-term inflationary trend at both eruption sites. c Shallow (<5 km depth) summit and upper ERZ earthquakes (magnitude 1.7 and greater), which often increase in rate during summit pressurization. d Displacement of GPS station JOKA, in the middle-lower ERZ, showing the onset of uplift in early 2013.
