Fig. 5: Patterns in β diversities and β deviations of soil bacteria along latitude.

a The observed (orange) and expected (gray) β diversities from the null model that controls for γ diversity; the observed β diversities were statistically different from expected β diversity for 76.7–98.3% samples across different regions (Supplementary Table 3). b Mean β deviations after controlling for γ diversity significantly varied along latitude (Supplementary Table 4). c The observed (orange) and expected (gray) β diversities from the null model that controls for regional species pool; the observed β diversities were statistically different from expected β diversity for 98.3–100% samples (Supplementary Table 5). d β deviations after controlling for regional species pool. The relations between β diversity (or β deviations) and latitude were evaluated using linear and polynomial regressions and the best polynomial fit was determined on the basis of Akaike information criterion (AIC). Letters indicate different regions that differ significantly at P < 0.05 in (b, d) (one-way ANOVA followed by multiple comparisons using Tukey HSD test, n = 60 independent samples). No adjustments were made for multiple comparisons. The bottom and top of each box represents the first and third quartiles, and the line inside is the median. The whiskers correspond to 1.5 times the interquartile range, while data beyond the whiskers are outlying points that are plotted individually. The source data are provided as a Source data file.