Fig. 3: Cytokine concentrations from baseline to crossover according to hormonal contraceptive arm in an intent-to-treat analysis.

Boxplot showing the change in cytokine concentrations from baseline to crossover for matched participants within each of the three contraceptive arms: a adolescents randomized to COC (n = 36), b adolescents randomized to Net-En (n = 35), and c adolescents randomized to CCVR (n = 34). P values were generated using two-sided paired Wilcoxon signed-rank tests adjusted for multiple comparisons using the Benjamini–Hochberg (BH) method. Y axis log10-transformed. Significance codes: *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. Bounds of boxes show interquartile range (IQR) with the lower and upper hinges corresponding to the 25th and 75th percentiles, respectively, lines in the middle of the box indicate median, and top and bottom whiskers demonstrate the largest and lowest value within 1.5 × IQR from the hinge. Points beyond that are plotted individually. CCVR: combined contraceptive vaginal ring, COC: combined oral contraceptives. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.