Fig. 1: Schematic of the proposed phosphorescence mechanism and design strategy of multi-confined CDs@SiO2 RTP material.

a Proposed mechanism of CDs in conventional matrix and multi-confined structure. (S0 ground state, S1 first excited singlet state, T1 first excited triplet state, ISC intersystem crossing, Ex. excitation, FL. fluorescence, Phos. phosphorescence). b Schematic of the design strategy of the multi-confined (rigid network, stable covalent bonds, and three-dimensional nano-space) phosphorescence.