Fig. 4: Photoelectrochemical characterization of modified Si photocathodes.

a Cyclic voltammograms of NDI∣TiO2@Si (blue) and Zr(NDI)∣TiO2@Si working electrodes (red) at a scan rate of 100 mV s−1 with 0.5 M LiClO4 in DMF as the supporting electrolyte under AM 1.5 illumination. b Chronoamperograms of NDI∣TiO2@Si (blue) and Zr(NDI)∣TiO2@Si (red) working electrodes under chopped light illumination at a potential of −1.1 V vs. Fc+/0 with 0.5 M LiClO4 in DMF as the supporting electrolyte in the presence of 1 mM tris(2,2′-bipyridine)cobalt(III) tris(hexafluorophosphate).