Fig. 6: Associations of sex, age, and co-morbidities with infection rate.

a Estimated rates of infected in the study participants (filled circles, with 95% CIs) for male participants (dark gray) and female participants (light gray) stratified by age groups. Estimates were obtained by fitting logistic GEE models with the infection status as response variable and age as covariable (rho = 0.256 [0.104; 0.407] and rho = 0.244 [0.154; 0.334], respectively, in the male and female subgroups). Bars refer to the raw percentages. In a logistic GEE model with both sex and age as covariables, neither sex (OR = 1.28 [0.95; 1.73] for females, p = 0.101) nor age (OR = 1.03 [0.94; 1.14] per 10 years, p = 0.539) were found to be associated with infection status. Numbers above bars indicate the total number of individuals in the respective group. Centers of error bars refer to point estimates. b For each of the co-morbidities, the infection rate (%) was determined by fitting a logistic GEE model with infection status as response variable to the data of all study participants (light gray: co-morbidity present (+), dark gray: co-morbidity not present (-)). Point estimates obtained from the GEE models are represented by filled circles (with 95% CIs). The bars represent the raw percentages of infected in each of the subgroups (calculated from the participant numbers shown above the bars). No associations between the infection status and any of the co-morbidities were found (according to Bonferroni–Holm corrected p-values). Associations remained insignificant in GEE models that included sex and age as additional covariables. Raw proportions are indicated above bars. Centers of error bars refer to point estimates. Error bars refer to 95% confidence intervals. All statistical tests were two-sided. Adjustments for multiple comparisons were made as indicated. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.