Fig. 2: In operando 2D TXM-XANES mapping during the initial charging process.

(a) Schematic of solid-solid interface models and kinetics. (b) TXM-XANES mapping of single cathode particle as a function of charging time in ASSLBs, and (c) the corresponding schematic diagram to expound the unique solid-state electrochemistry. (d) Schematic of solid-liquid interface models and kinetics. (e) TXM-XANES mapping of single cathode particle as a function of charging time in LELBs, and (f) the corresponding schematic diagram expound the conventional solid-liquid electrochemistry. Scale bar, 10 μm.