Fig. 1: Quantitative urine proteomic studies.
From: Immune suppression in the early stage of COVID-19 disease
a An illustration of the experimental design. A total of 37 urine samples were analyzed from three groups: healthy controls (10 samples); COVID-19 patients (14 samples); and non-COVID-19 pneumonia patients (13 samples). The data-independent acquisition (DIA) technique was applied for quantitative proteomics, which was performed by trapped ion mobility spectrometry coupled to TOF mass spectrometry (TIMS-TOF MS) with the parallel accumulation-serial fragmentation (PASEF) technique. Integrated data analysis involved protein expression, clustering, and functional correlational network strategies. b Venn diagram of significantly changed proteins (cut-off value of fold change >2 and fold change <0.5; p value (t test) <0.05) in the healthy control group compared to the COVID-19 patient group (pink) and to the non-COVID-19 pneumonia patient group (blue). A total of 1841 proteins were significantly changed specifically in COVID-19 patients compared to healthy controls. Six hundred and ninety-one proteins were changed in both disease groups. Among the 691 proteins, 145 proteins meet the condition of fold change >2 and fold change <0.5, p value (t test) <0.05. A total of 1986 proteins (the group of 1841 proteins and the group of 145 proteins) were used for functional analysis. c Proteomic changes in COVID-19 patients. Heatmap of 1986 proteins in COVID-19 patients in the comparison between healthy controls and non-COVID-19 patients. The color bar from red to blue represents the fold change from increasing to decreasing of all proteins identified in each group. Hierarchical clustering shows a clear group differentiation according to similarity. Numbers of proteins, intensity profiles, and selected enriched KEGG pathways are indicated for marked clusters. Color bar represents Z-score change from −1 to 1.
