Fig. 5: Each gene is predicted to contain a large degree of regulatory freedom for expression engineering.

a Two global halves of the gene regulatory structure where 5′-UTRs were combined with promoters and 3′-UTRs with terminators. b Maximum increases (red) and decreases (blue) of gene expression levels with combinations of 4238 native promoters with all terminator variants. c Distributions of gene expression levels for combinations of either strong (red) or weak (blue) promoters with all terminator variants (n = 4238 for each construct). Black lines denote median exp. levels. d Comparison of changes in predicted TDH3 expression levels with measured fluorescence intensities when combining the promoter with n = 4005 terminator variants⁴⁵. Red line denotes least squares fit. e Maximum increases (red) and decreases (blue) of gene expression levels with combinations of 4238 native terminators with all promoter variants. f Distributions of gene expression levels for combinations of either strong (red) or weak (blue) terminators with all promoter variants (n = 4238 for each construct). Black lines denote median expression levels. g Comparison of changes in predicted ADH1 expression levels with measured fluorescence intensities when combining the terminator with n = 625 promoter variants⁴⁴. Red line denotes least squares fit. For box plots in c, f, boxes denote interquartile (IQR) ranges, centres mark medians and whiskers extend to 1.5 IQR from the quartiles. Source data are provided as a Source data file.