Fig. 4: Electronic structures of Bi_xIn_2–xO₃.

a Diffuse reflectance spectra of pristine In₂O₃ and various Bi_xIn_2–xO₃ nanocrystals. b The simulated band structure and DOS plots of pristine In₂O₃. c The simulated band structure and DOS plots of Bi_xIn_2–xO₃ nanocrystals. d Room-temperature PL spectra of pristine In₂O₃ and 1.0% Bi_xIn_2–xO₃ nanocrystals using an excitation wavelength of 325 nm. e Schematic illustrating charge carrier recombination pathways on surface defects states (SFLPs) and enabling CO₂ hydrogenation reactions.