Fig. 8: Topical application of ManN and VEGF stimulated angiogenesis and accelerates wound healing.

a Wounds were made on the dorsal skin of mice by 6 mm punch. VEGF and ManN each was administered daily at 20 μg per wound in 25 μl PBS for the first 4 days, with PBS as control. A 10-day wound healing study with 5 mice in each group. Wound closure rate (%) was quantified by ImageJ software in two independent studies. Asterisks indicated a significant difference compared with the control at each time point. b A 4-day wound healing study with images of the wound healing process at day 1, day 2, and day 4. n = 5 animals/treatment group. c Representative images of immunohistochemical staining for CD31 in PBS control group and in VEGF and ManN combination groups (scale bar = 200 μm). d Quantification of CD31-positive blood vessel (red dotted circles) density around the wound areas was counted by eyes under microscopy (×20 magnification). Data are means +/− SD. Statistical significance was further confirmed using Wilcoxon rank-sum test between treatment groups of interest. Asterisks indicated a significant difference compared with the PBS control. For each study, a representative experiment is shown. n = 3 animals/treatment group. When statistical analysis was done using a different control, a line was used between specific groups. Statistical analysis was done by two-tailed, two-sample unequal variance t test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. Data are provided as a Source data file.