Fig. 1: Comparison of different study designs used to evaluate the effect of an impact. | Nature Communications

Fig. 1: Comparison of different study designs used to evaluate the effect of an impact.

From: Quantifying and addressing the prevalence and bias of study designs in the environmental and social sciences

Fig. 1

A hypothetical study set-up is shown where the abundance of birds in three impact and control replicates (e.g., fields represented by blocks in a row) are monitored before and after an impact (e.g., ploughing) that occurs in year zero. Different colours represent each study design and illustrate how replicates are sampled. Approaches for calculating an estimate of the true effect of the impact for each design are also shown, along with synonyms from different disciplines.

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