Fig. 3: Pairwise comparisons of t-statistics for estimates obtained using different study designs for responses across 49 different datasets (non-randomised or randomised). | Nature Communications

Fig. 3: Pairwise comparisons of t-statistics for estimates obtained using different study designs for responses across 49 different datasets (non-randomised or randomised).

From: Quantifying and addressing the prevalence and bias of study designs in the environmental and social sciences

Fig. 3

t-statistics were obtained from two-sided t-tests of estimates obtained by each design for different responses in each dataset using Generalised Linear Models (see Methods). For randomised datasets, BACI and CI axis labels refer to R-BACI and R-CI designs (denoted by ‘R-’). DiD Difference in Differences; CA covariance adjustment. Lines at t-statistic values of 1.96 denote boundaries between cells and colours of points indicate differences in direction and statistical significance (p < 0.05; grey = same sign and significance, orange = same sign but difference in significance, red = different sign and significance). Numbers refer to the number of responses in each cell. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. BA Before-After, CI Control-Impact, BACI Before-After-Control-Impact.

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