Fig. 3: Probability Density Function (PDF) and Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF). | Nature Communications

Fig. 3: Probability Density Function (PDF) and Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF).

From: A social engineering model for poverty alleviation

Fig. 3

a Probability density functions (PDFs) and b cumulative distribution functions (CDFs), data modeling over 30 years’ of NSS data (1959–1991)26. The expenditure on the three categories of cereals (blue circles), other food (red crosses), and non-food (black +’s) is shown for comparison. The local methods such as LLE, PCA, and step-CCA focus significantly on the non-food category, whereas the global mappings of IsoMap and NeuroScale have highest density between the non-food and other food categories. These methods have accounted for the spread of data in more than the single dominant dimension of non-food allowing for a more robust low-dimensional embedding of the data.

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