Table 3 Sociodemographic, political, and health indicators associations with vaccine hesitancy and resistance in the UK sample (N = 2025).

From: Psychological characteristics associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and resistance in Ireland and the United Kingdom

 

Would you accept a COVID-19 vaccine for yourself?

 

(Reference = vaccine acceptance)

(Reference = vaccine hesitant)

 

Vaccine hesitant (maybe)

Vaccine resistant (no)

Vaccine resistant (no)

 

AOR

95% CIs

AOR

95% CIs

AOR

95% CIs

Sex (female)

1.43

1.14

1.80

1.05

0.69

1.60

0.73

0.47

1.15

Age 18–24

1.90

1.11

3.26

13.90

3.82

50.53

7.30

1.89

28.18

25–34

2.33

1.46

3.72

10.11

2.89

35.34

4.34

1.18

15.91

35–44

2.53

1.59

4.03

11.83

3.36

41.60

4.67

1.27

17.25

45–54

2.27

1.47

3.52

4.91

1.37

17.65

2.16

0.58

8.12

55–64

2.48

1.60

3.85

4.36

1.19

16.00

1.76

0.46

6.74

White British/Irish

0.83

0.35

1.93

0.94

0.26

3.39

1.14

0.28

4.62

White other

0.87

0.32

2.38

0.84

0.19

3.79

0.96

0.19

4.99

African/Afro-Caribbean

0.50

0.16

1.56

0.62

0.12

3.17

1.24

0.21

7.29

Chinese/Asian

0.66

0.20

2.12

2.16

0.20

23.83

3.30

0.27

40.33

Indian/Pakistani/Bangladeshi

0.43

0.16

1.16

1.04

0.21

5.12

2.41

0.44

13.22

Resident in city

1.09

0.76

1.57

2.07

0.97

4.45

1.90

0.86

4.21

Resident in suburb

1.04

0.74

1.46

2.13

1.01

4.49

2.05

0.94

4.45

Resident in town

0.88

0.62

1.23

1.35

0.63

2.89

1.55

0.70

3.41

No education

0.53

0.29

0.98

0.63

0.20

1.98

1.19

0.37

3.80

Unemployed

0.72

0.51

1.00

1.06

0.56

1.98

1.48

0.77

2.84

Income 0–£15,490

1.20

0.81

1.80

2.48

1.11

5.54

2.07

0.89

4.80

£15,491–£25,340

1.31

0.90

1.90

2.68

1.28

5.63

2.05

0.94

4.49

£25,341–£38,740

1.31

0.91

1.88

2.31

1.10

4.84

1.76

0.81

3.84

£38,741–£57,930

1.10

0.77

1.56

1.17

0.52

2.62

1.06

0.46

2.47

Only adult in household

0.81

0.61

1.09

1.05

0.62

1.77

1.29

0.74

2.23

No children in the household

1.15

0.88

1.49

0.97

0.61

1.53

0.84

0.52

1.37

Voter (no)

0.62

0.42

0.90

0.73

0.39

1.38

1.19

0.61

2.31

Brexit (leave)

1.08

0.85

1.38

1.57

0.99

2.47

1.45

0.89

2.34

Religiosity (no)

0.92

0.73

1.16

0.78

0.50

1.21

0.85

0.54

1.36

Mental health history (yes)

0.90

0.71

1.15

0.83

0.54

1.27

0.92

0.59

1.44

Underlying health condition (present)

1.32

0.94

1.85

0.91

0.50

1.65

0.69

0.36

1.30

Underlying health condition – relative

1.07

0.81

1.40

1.30

0.77

2.20

1.22

0.70

2.11

Pregnant

1.26

0.69

2.27

2.36

1.03

5.40

1.88

0.78

4.57

C-19 infection

1.17

0.67

2.04

0.69

0.30

1.60

0.59

0.24

1.47

C-19 infection – relative

0.81

0.51

1.29

1.68

0.62

4.54

2.07

0.74

5.78

  1. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the key sociodemographic, political, and health-related indicators associated with vaccine hesitancy and resistance. All predictors are adjusted for all other covariates in the model. Note: AOR adjusted odds ratios, 95% CIs 95% confidence intervals for the adjusted odds ratios; statistically significant associations (p < .05) are highlighted in bold.
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