Fig. 2: Quantification of the photoacoustic (PA) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) properties.

a Quantitative PA signal of the CGNP clusters-RGD in phantom as a function of nanoparticle mass concentration and estimating the average PA amplitude above the background level in each image. (b) PA signal from CGNP clusters-RGD in phantom as a function of laser irradiation time. c Quantification of OCT signal from CGNP clusters-RGD of different concentrations in phantom. d–l) In vitro PAM images of cells acquired at various wavelengths ranging from 500 to 710 nm. The error bars in a and c represent the standard deviation of the mean PA signal measured from 3 different samples (N = 3). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.