Fig. 3: Bariatric surgery induces remodeling of gastric mucosa in humans.

a Histological gastric mucosa phenotype before and after bariatric surgery in humans. Representative photomicrograph of HPS staining, Periodic Acid Schiff/Alcian blue (PAS/AB), and Ki67 immunostaining (brown nuclei) in fundic mucosa section from non-operated obese subjects (OB) vs. obese individuals that underwent RYGB or VSG surgery. Note, in VSG and RYGB vs. OB subjects, the increase in pit depth and hyperplasia of the surface mucous cells, the increase prominence of PAS-positive cells (that stain neutral mucin) in the neck region of the glands (asterisks in high magnification), and the higher Ki67-positive proliferative cells in the fundic mucosa. Bar scale 100 µm. b GLP-1 immunostaining in human fundic mucosa. Representative photomicrograph (arrows) of GLP-1-positive cells in fundic mucosa section from obese subjects vs. obese individuals who underwent RYGB and VSG surgery. Bar scale 100 µm. Quantification of Ki-67 proliferative cells (c) (n = 6 for OB, n = 5 for RYGB and VSG) and of GLP-1 immunoreactive cells (d) per mm² in the fundic mucosa of obese subjects (OB n = 9) and subjects operated on VSG (n = 6) or RYGB (n = 6). The data are presented as scatter data plots (each point represents one individual) with mean ± SEM and analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001 and NS not significant. Source data are provided as a Source data file.