Fig. 3: Yeast growth rate is explained by temperature effects on its enzymes.

a Illustration of how the temperature dependence of different processes combines to affect the growth rate. Fig. legend: ec—predictions with the enzyme constrained model; ec+NGAM(T)—incorporates the temperature effects on nongrowth associated maintenance into the ec model (Supplementary Fig. 1); ec+k_cat(T)—incorporates the temperature effects on enzyme k_cat values into the ec model; ec+denaturation(T)—incorporates the temperature effects on enzyme denaturation into the ec model; etc—enzyme and temperature constrained model that includes the temperature effects on NGAM, k_cat and enzyme denaturation into ec model. The growth rate at each temperature point was simulated with all 100 Posterior etcGEMs. Lines indicate median values and shaded areas indicate regions between the 5th and 95th percentiles (n = 100). b Comparison between distributions of experimentally measured enzyme T_opt values (n = 662) from BRENDA³⁵ and enzyme T_m values (n = 265) from Leuenberger et al.⁷ in S. cerevisiae. c Comparison between T_1/2SA, the temperature at which the specific activity is 50% of its maximum, and T_1/2kcat, the temperature at which the k_cat value is 50% of its maximum, and T_m in the Posterior models. d Probability of 764 enzymes in the native state. From top to bottom, the enzymes showed increased s. Each pixel represents one probability value of an enzyme at a specific temperature. e Normalized k_cat values of 764 enzymes at different temperatures. Each pixel represents one normalized value of an enzyme at a specific temperature. f Normalized specific activities of 764 enzymes at different temperatures. The values in (f) are products of (d) and (e). In d–f, the same ordering of enzymes is shown. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.