Fig. 4: Biosynthetic reactions constructed in E. coli for the in vivo production of 12 SCPAs.
From: Microbial production of multiple short-chain primary amines via retrobiosynthesis

These 12 SCPAs were the ones shown to be produced by VlmD in vitro (dotted boxes). Amine and carboxylic groups shown in each dotted box are presented with yellow and green circles, respectively. Reaction center carbon atoms that are subject to chemical transformations are marked with asterisks. Glycolysis is indicated with a red background, which leads to the biosynthesis of 12 aminoĀ acid precursors. Multiple reactions are presented with two or more arrows.