Fig. 6: De novo production of three SCPAs from glucose as a sole carbon source.

Ethylamine, iso-butylamine, and iso-amylamine were produced from glucose through additional engineering of E. coli (Supplementary Table 2): (a) ethylamine from the NC01 (control) and EA01 strains; (b) iso-butylamine from the NC02 (control) and iBA01 strains; and (c) iso-amylamine from the NC03 (control) and iAA01 strains. The concentrations of amino acid precursors and their corresponding SCPAs are presented with gray and green bars, respectively. Amino acid precursors for the gray bars in (a, b, and c) correspond to l-alanine, l-valine, and l-leucine, respectively. Overexpressed genes are indicated with corresponding gene names. Amplified reactions are shown with thick arrows. Presented genes encode the following enzymes: alaD, alanine dehydrogenase; ilvB, acetohydroxy acid synthase I large subunit; ilvC, ketol-acid reductoisomerase; ilvD, dihydroxy-acid dehydratase; ilvE, branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase; ilvN, acetohydroxy acid synthase I small subunit; leuA, 2-isopropylmalate synthase; leuB, 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase; leuC, 3-isopropylmalate dehydratase large subunit; leuD, 3-isopropylmalate dehydratase small subunit; and vlmD, valine decarboxylase. The alaD^opt and vlmD^opt genes indicate codon-optimized alaD and vlmD genes, respectively. All the experiments for the SCPA productions were conducted in triplicates. Data are presented as mean values ± s.d. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.