Fig. 5: Persistent photo-catalysis.

EPR spectra of In2O3−x(OH)y nanorods under UV illumination (a) and post illumination (b) with time intervals of 5 min. c The change in spin concentrations normalized over the maximum spin concentration. d The CO yield with time for an aluminum foil encapsulated In2O3−x(OH)y coated waveguide in batch reactor configuration, under photo-illumination for 3 h and post photo-illumination, under 200 °C reactor temperature. Persistent photoconductivity (PPC) enables a comparable yield to increase immediately after photo-illumination, which is greater than that of the dark condition under the same reactor temperature. e, f The CO yield decay after post-illumination in flow reactor configuration, at reactor temperatures of e 120 °C and f 90 °C. The regression fitted exponential decay trends are shown in green lines.