Fig. 6: Outfield test.
a An illustration of a band diagram where the various defect states populate the bandgap as shallow and deep energy traps. A photo-excited electron carrier can decay through recombination or relaxation, or be trapped in shallow states and undergo hopping which can lead to re-emission into the conduction band edge. Each hopping step into a neighboring trap requires a time interval, resulting in a persistent population of excited carriers after photo-illumination is off. b The reaction mechanism of an SFLP site consisting of an indium, oxygen vacancy, and hydroxyl group site. Photo-excited charge carriers within the bulk are injected into surface OH groups, followed by heterolytic splitting of an incident H2 molecule into a proton and hydride. Subsequent formation of a carbonate dissociates oxygen from the carbon dioxide to form CO and H2O. c The rooftop solar concentrator and reactor attached to it. d The CO yield of the encapsulated coated rod waveguide after 9 h of solar illumination and post-illumination.
