Fig. 5: TRF inhibited growth of pre-existing Py230 mammary tumors in obese postmenopausal mouse model.

a Schematic showing experimental design with Py230 breast tumor injection 3 weeks prior to initiation of TRF. OVX mice are placed on HFD for 10 weeks to become obese then injected with py230 cells in the mammary fat pad. Three weeks after tumor cells injection the tumors were measure by ultrasonography imaging system (US) to confirm tumor development and randomized into AL or TRF HFD groups or NC group for a further 3 weeks and tumor size was measured weekly with calipers. b Py230 tumor volume over time following TRF (number of mice n = 17, *p < 0.05, ****p < 0.0001 by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test). c, d Tumor volume and weight at the end of the study (number of tumors n = 67 for NC, n = 86 for AL and TRF, ****p < 0.0001 by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test, n represents number of tumor). e Intraperitoneal-glucose tolerance test (GTT) after 3weeks of TRF (number of mice n = 8 for NC, n = 10 each for AL and TRF, *p < 0.05, ****p < 0.0001 by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test). f Fasting blood glucose at end of study (number of mice n = 8 for NC, n = 10 each for AL and TRF, *p < 0.05, ****p < 0.0001 by 1-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test). g Bodyweight at end of study (number of mice n = 16 for NC, n = 15 for AL, n = 13 for TRF, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001 by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test). h– j Liver tissue, visceral fat, and mammary fat weight at end of study (number of mice n = 16 for NC, n = 17 for AL, n = 17 for TRF, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001 by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test). Data presented as mean ± SEM. Asterisks indicate statistical significance as shown.