Fig. 1: Measurements onboard the G-1 aircraft upwind of the Eastern North Atlantic (ENA) site on 16 February 2018.
From: New particle formation in the remote marine boundary layer
a Vertical profiles of potential temperature (θ), water vapor mixing ratio (WV, g H2O / kg wet air), and liquid water content (LWC). b Vertical profiles of carbon monoxide (CO) mixing ratio and the ion signal (arbitrary units, A.U.) at m/z 63 (e.g., DMS). The error bars for CO represent one standard deviations of 1-s measurements. c Vertical profiles of the concentration ratio of particles larger than 3 nm to particles larger than 10 nm (N>3nm/N>10nm) and total particle surface area concentration (Stot). Elevated N>3nm/N>10nm (i.e., greater than 1.1) that are statistically significant for the altitude bins (detailed in Methods section) are marked with filled circles and the rest are shown by open circles. The error bars represent one standard deviations for 1 s N>3nm/N>10nm and 10 s Stot values, respectively. d Flight track of the G-1 aircraft during horizontal legs in the upper decoupled layer colored by N>3nm/N>10nm. During the flight, the wind was from the northeast. The flight tracks include both 30 km along-wind legs upwind of the ENA site and 50 km crosswind legs towards the northwest over the ocean, therefore the potential influence of island sources on G-1 aerosol measurements is negligible. The background image from NASA Worldview, taken by MODIS at an earlier time than the flight on the same day, is used to illustrate the open-cell convection cloud field. e Particle size distributions measured at three different altitudes within the marine boundary layer. The particle concentrations below 10 nm (shown by dashed lines) are derived as the difference between N>3nm measured by the CPC and the concentration of particles larger than 10 nm integrated from the FIMS size distribution. The vertical profiles shown in (A) and (B) are based on measurements from 13:28 to 14:00 UTC. The liquid water content during the entire flight is shown to illustrate the vertical extent of clouds. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
