Fig. 6: ENDOG promotes autophagy by activation of the DNA damage response.

a–c Representative images of comet assay in wild-type or ENDOG overexpressed L02 cells (a) and the quantification of tail DNA (b) and tail moment (c) (WT: wild-type; OE: ENDOG-overexpressing; Eto.: 50 μM etoposide for 1 h; n = 75–150 independent cells; data are presented as mean values ± SD, ***p < 0.001). d, e. Representative western blot results of phosphorylated ATM, p53, CHK1, CHK2 and H2A.X in wild-type or ENDOG knockout (KO) L02 cells following the indicated concentration of etoposide treatment for 1 h (n = 4 independent samples; data are presented as mean values ± SD, *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001). f, g Representative images of p-H2A.X foci (f) and quantitative results (g) in wild-type or ENDOG knockout (KO) L02 cells at the indicated time point after the etoposide treatment (scale bar = 10 μm, n = 50 independent cells; data are presented as mean values ± SD, *p < 0.05; ***p < 0.001). h, i Western blots (h) and quantitative results (i) of phosphorylated ATM, CHK1, CHK2, and LC3B upon ATM inhibitor (KU-60019) or control treatment (L02 cells were transfected with pK-Myc or ENDOG or 48 h and then treated with 10 μM KU-60019 for 1 h; n = 3 independent samples; data are presented as mean values ± SD, **p < 0.01). j, k Representative images and respective quantitative results of p-H2A.X foci and GFP-LC3 puncta in wild-type or ENDOG-OE cells upon ATM inhibitor (KU-60019) or control treatment (scale bar = 10 μm; n = 100 independent cells examined over three independent experiments; data are presented as mean values ± SD; ***p < 0.001; n.s.: no significance). Source data are provided as a Source data file.