Fig. 2: Activity and durability of the ternary alloy electrocatalysts (PtPdM (M = Cu, Ni, Co)) for ORR.

a RDE curves for Pt20PdnCu80–n/C and the commercial Pt/C catalysts with different compositions at 25 °C in O2-saturated 0.1 M HClO4 at a scan rate of 10 mV/s and 1600 RPM (revolutions per minute). b The corresponding MA extracted from a at 0.900 V (vs. RHE) as a function of Pd% in NPs normalized by both PGM (Pt + Pd) and Pt (error bars represent s.d. based on three independent experiments). c RDE polarization curves of Pt20Pd20Cu60/C catalyst before cycling and after 10 K, 20 K, 30 K, 40 K, and 50 K cycles, respectively. d The corresponding MA and SA values extracted from c at 0.900 V (vs. RHE) of Pt20Pd20Cu60/C catalyst during potential cycling. e RDE polarization curves of Pt20Pd40Ni40/C (top) and Pt20Pd40Co40/C (bottom) catalyst before potential cycling and after 10 K, 20 K, 30 K, 40 K, and 50 K cycles, respectively. f The corresponding MA values extracted from e at 0.900 V (vs. RHE) of Pt20Pd40Ni40/C (top) and Pt20Pd40Co40/C (bottom) catalysts during accelerated durability test.