Fig. 3: SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses in recovered COVID-19 patients 3–4 months after infection.

a Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) plot example for analysing IFN-γ expression in CD4 and CD8 T cells is shown for patient No. 4 (Pt4). b Percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells producing IFN-γ in response to a recombinant replication-deficient adenovirus type 5 that encodes green fluorescent protein (rAd5-GFP), SARS-CoV-2 spike (rAd5-S), or SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (rAd5-N) in PBMCs from recovered patients. c FACS plot examples of IFN-γ and granzyme B (GzmB) or TNF-a co-expression. d–e Functional profile of IFN-γ+ CD4+ (d) and CD8+ (e) T cells producing GzmB, or TNF-a in response to rAd5-S and rAd5-N. Data are expressed as mean ± SD for b, d and e. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 by two-tailed paired t-test for b (p = 0.0001, p = 0.0085, and p = 0.03 for CD4, and p = 0.009 and p = 0.174 for CD8). The two-tailed Mann–Whitney U-test was used for d and e. Gating strategies are in Supplementary Fig. 5. Source data included as a Source Data File.