Fig. 5: Relationships between annual NPP and phenotypic GDD5p clines and spatial factors.

Illustrated are the year 1984 (i.e. the 10th year after planting) and the last year of inventory (2015 for a Mont-Laurier and 2016 for b Chibougamau). Biplots at left illustrate observations (white dots) along with generalized additive model (GAM) predictions (red lines), with two-sided 95% confidence intervals (orange shadings). The location of the sampling sites along the GDD5p gradient is illustrated by a vertical dashed line; a provenance that has its value to the left of that line is from a cooler origin than local, and a value that is to the right denotes a warmer origin. The spatial factor illustrated here is the third one, as determined using distance-based Moran’s eigenvector maps. Maps at right illustrate the variability of NPP in coordinate spaces (with the location of the common garden sites illustrated by white circles).