Table 1 Logistic regression analysis for prevalence of IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2.

From: SARS-CoV-2 antibody prevalence in England following the first peak of the pandemic

Categories

Unadjusted

Adj: age, sex, region

Adj: age, sex, ethnicity, region, IMD quintile, household size, employment, child in house (y/n)

Sex

Male

Reference

Reference

Reference

Female

1.02 [0.97,1.08]

1.00 [0.95,1.06]

0.97 [0.91,1.02]

Age

18–24

1.28 [1.14,1.44]

1.31 [1.17,1.47]

1.25 [1.11,1.42]

25–34

1.25 [1.14,1.37]

1.22 [1.11,1.34]

1.18 [1.07,1.30]

35–44

Reference

Reference

Reference

45–54

1.08 [0.99,1.18]

1.13 [1.03,1.23]

1.11 [1.02,1.22]

55–64

0.98 [0.90,1.07]

1.04 [0.95,1.13]

1.07 [0.97,1.18]

65–74

0.63 [0.57,0.70]

0.68 [0.61,0.76]

0.85 [0.75,0.97]

75+

0.63 [0.54,0.73]

0.68 [0.59,0.79]

0.89 [0.76,1.06]

Ethnicity

White

Reference

Reference

Reference

Mixed

1.56 [1.27,1.90]

1.21 [0.99,1.48]

1.24 [1.01,1.52]

Asian

2.04 [1.83,2.28]

1.56 [1.39,1.75]

1.44 [1.28,1.62]

Black

3.21 [2.67,3.87]

2.27 [1.88,2.75]

2.02 [1.67,2.46]

Other

2.11 [1.67,2.66]

1.50 [1.18,1.90]

1.49 [1.17,1.89]

Region

North East

1.22 [1.05,1.43]

1.21 [1.04,1.42]

1.20 [1.03,1.41]

North West

1.33 [1.21,1.47]

1.33 [1.20,1.47]

1.33 [1.20,1.47]

Yorkshire and The Humber

0.96 [0.84,1.10]

0.96 [0.84,1.10]

0.97 [0.85,1.11]

East Midlands

1.05 [0.95,1.16]

1.04 [0.94,1.16]

1.05 [0.94,1.16]

West Midlands

1.27 [1.14,1.42]

1.27 [1.14,1.42]

1.28 [1.15,1.42]

East of England

1.25 [1.13,1.37]

1.24 [1.13,1.36]

1.25 [1.14,1.38]

London

2.59 [2.37,2.84]

2.48 [2.27,2.72]

2.34 [2.13,2.57]

South East

Reference

Reference

Reference

South West

0.82 [0.72,0.93]

0.83 [0.73,0.94]

0.84 [0.74,0.95]

IMD quintile

Most deprived: 1

1.32 [1.20,1.45]

1.15 [1.04,1.26]

1.11 [1.00,1.22]

2

1.14 [1.05,1.24]

0.97 [0.89,1.06]

0.94 [0.86,1.03]

3

1.07 [0.99,1.16]

1.00 [0.93,1.09]

0.99 [0.91,1.07]

4

0.99 [0.92,1.07]

0.96 [0.88,1.03]

0.95 [0.88,1.03]

Least deprived: 5

Reference

Reference

Reference

Highest educational level reached

No qualification

Reference

Reference

Reference

Other

1.24 [1.07,1.43]

1.13 [0.98,1.30]

1.09 [0.94,1.26]

GCSE

1.11 [0.99,1.25]

0.94 [0.83,1.05]

0.94 [0.83,1.06]

Post-GCSE qualification

1.20 [1.07,1.34]

0.97 [0.86,1.09]

0.94 [0.84,1.06]

Degree or above

1.34 [1.21,1.50]

1.00 [0.89,1.12]

0.96 [0.85,1.08]

Gross household income

£0–14,999

0.86 [0.76,0.97]

0.86 [0.76,0.98]

0.87 [0.77,1.00]

£15,000–49,999

Reference

Reference

Reference

£50,000–149,999

1.19 [1.11,1.28]

1.06 [0.99,1.14]

1.08 [1.00,1.16]

>£150,000

1.73 [1.52,1.97]

1.35 [1.17,1.54]

1.39 [1.21,1.61]

Employment

Healthcare (patient-facing)

2.04 [1.82,2.29]

2.19 [1.95,2.46]

2.09 [1.86,2.35]

Healthcare (other)

1.10 [0.87,1.40]

1.15 [0.90,1.46]

1.11 [0.87,1.42]

Care home (client-facing)

2.90 [2.37,3.55]

3.19 [2.60,3.92]

3.11 [2.53,3.83]

Care home (other)

1.46 [0.81,2.64]

1.67 [0.92,3.02]

1.66 [0.92,3.01]

Other essential workera

1.05 [0.98,1.13]

1.11 [1.03,1.20]

1.10 [1.02,1.19]

Other workerb

Reference

Reference

Reference

Not in employment

0.72 [0.67,0.77]

0.86 [0.80,0.93]

0.84 [0.78,0.91]

Household size

1

Reference

Reference

Reference

2

1.03 [0.94,1.12]

1.04 [0.95,1.14]

1.07 [0.98,1.17]

3

1.24 [1.13,1.37]

1.10 [1.00,1.22]

1.19 [1.08,1.33]

4

1.30 [1.18,1.43]

1.15 [1.04,1.27]

1.29 [1.16,1.44]

5

1.49 [1.32,1.69]

1.30 [1.14,1.47]

1.47 [1.27,1.68]

6

1.78 [1.49,2.14]

1.51 [1.26,1.82]

1.66 [1.36,2.03]

7+

2.10 [1.65,2.68]

1.72 [1.34,2.21]

1.85 [1.42,2.41]

One or more children (under 18) in household

No

Reference

Reference

Reference

Yes

1.09 [1.03,1.15]

0.96 [0.90,1.03]

0.81 [0.75,0.88]

History of COVID-19 symptoms

No symptoms

Reference

Reference

Reference

Mild symptoms

1.39 [1.10,1.76]

1.47 [1.16,1.86]

1.57 [1.23,2.00]

Moderate symptoms

1.71 [1.36,2.15]

1.84 [1.46,2.32]

2.04 [1.61,2.59]

Severe symptoms

2.31 [1.82,2.93]

2.51 [1.97,3.19]

2.75 [2.15,3.52]

BMI

Underweight (<18.5)

0.99 [0.77,1.28]

0.89 [0.69,1.15]

0.88 [0.68,1.14]

Normal (18.5–24.9)

Reference

Reference

Reference

Overweight (25–29.9)

1.09 [1.02,1.16]

1.18 [1.10,1.26]

1.17 [1.09,1.25]

Obese (≥30)

1.11 [1.03,1.20]

1.19 [1.10,1.29]

1.18 [1.09,1.28]

Current smoker

Yes

0.70 [0.63,0.77]

0.65 [0.58,0.71]

0.64 [0.58,0.71]

No

Reference

Reference

Reference

  1. Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios [95% confidence intervals]. Forest plot shown in Supplementary Fig. 1. Unadjusted odds ratios were obtained from univariable logistic regression for the covariate of interest. Adjusted odds ratio were obtained by performing multivariable logistic regression for the covariate of interest with age, sex, and region (column 3); and age, sex, ethnicity, region, IMD quintile, education, gross household income, employment, household size, and child in house (y/n) (column 4) aEssential worker: List of essential workers as defined by the UK Government https://www.gov.uk/guidance/coronavirus-covid-19-getting-tested#essential-workers; bOther worker: Worker not working in health or social care or on the UK Government list of essential workers. Source data are provided with this paper.
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